The effect of early radiofrequency turbinate reduction, intranasal steroid, and antihistamine H-1 on persistent allergic rhinitis: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effect of radiofrequency turbinate reduction as an initial treatment on clinical improvement, inflammatory mediators, and remodeling process. Methods: Between July 2018- February 2020, 32 patients with moderate-severe persistent AR were randomly divided into 2 groups. Intervention group received radiofrequency turbinate reduction followed by intranasal steroid and Antihistamine H-1 (AH-1), control group received intranasal steroid and AH-1. Both groups were evaluated for clinical improvement (using visual analogue scale based on total nasal symptoms score, peak nasal inspiratory flow, and turbinate size using imageJ) after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Inflammatory mediators (ELISA from nasal secretions was performed to measure ECP, IL-5, and HSP-70) and remodeling markers (nasal biopsy followed by immunohistochemistry examination was performed to evaluate MMP-9, TIMP-1, and PAI-1) were evaluated in week 4. Results: Three patients dropped out of the study, resulting in 16 patients in intervention group and 13 patients in control group. At week 4, clinical response improved significantly in the intervention group compared to control group (Chi-Square test, p<0.05). Compared to control, intervention group experienced a reduction of IL-5 and no significant change in ECP level (Mann Whitney test, p>0.05). Reduction in the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 were significantly higher in intervention group (unpaired t-test, p< 0,05). Meanwhile, increase in HSP-70 in the intervention group was slightly lower than in control group, but the difference with control group was not significant (Mann Whitney test, p>0.05). Conclusion: Early radiofrequency turbinate reduction followed by pharmacotherapy given to persistent moderate-severe AR patients give more improvement only in early clinical symptoms and reduce MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio, thus it might be suggested as one of the adjuvant therapies for the management of moderate-severe persistent AR. However, further investigation with a larger sample size and longer follow-up period is needed. Level of evidence: 1B.

A multi-center observation of the therapeutic efficacy of Bencycloquidium bromide in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with predominant symptoms of rhinorrhea / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To observe the efficacy and safety of the M receptor antagonist Bencycloquidium bromide nasal spray in treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with runny nose as the main symptom. Methods:From August 2021 to September 2021, 134 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis were enrolled in the otolaryngology Outpatient Department of Peking University Third Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University and China-Japanese Friendship Hospital of Jilin University, including 71 males and 63 females, with a median age of 38 years. TNSS score and visual analogue scale（VAS） of total nasal symptoms were observed during 2 weeks of treatment with Bencycloquidium bromide nasal spray. Results:TNSS score decreased from （8.89±3.31） on day 0 to （3.71±2.51） on day 14（P<0.001）, VAS score of nasal symptoms decreased from （24.86±7.40） on day 0 to （6.84±5.94） on day 14（P<0.001）, VAS score of rhinorrhoea decreased from （6.88±2.06） on day 0 to （1.91±1.81） on day 14（P<0.001）. Rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire（RQLQ） score decreased from （94.63±33.35） on day 0 to （44.95±32.28） on day 14（P<0.001）. The incidence of adverse reaction was low and no serious adverse events occurred during the whole experiment. Conclusion:Bencycloquidium bromide nasal spray has significant efficacy and good safety in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.

Compliance and withdraw reason of sublingual immunotherapy in 245 patients with allergic rhinitis / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the compliance of patients with allergic rhinitis（AR） receiving sublingual immunotherapy and its influencing factors. Methods:The clinical data of 291 AR patients who received sublingual immunotherapy for dust mites at the First Hospital of Peking University from January 2016 to January 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, and their outpatient or telephone follow-up was conducted. For patients whose treatment time was less than 2 years, the time and reason for the loss were recorded, and the factors affecting their compliance were discussed from the aspects of gender, age, and education. Results:Among the 291 patients, 245 cases（84.2%） were successfully followed up, and 193 cases（78.8%） fell off midway（treatment time<2 years）. The overall compliance rate was 21.22%（52/245）. The compliance rate of children is higher than that of adults（χ²=21.306, P<0.05）, and gender and education level have no significant effect on the compliance rate. The time period for the largest number of shedding was 6-<12 months after treatment（68 cases, 27.8%）. The main cause of shedding was symptom relief, which was considered cured（16.7%）. Secondly, within 3 months after treatment, a total of 61 patients（24.9%） fell off, of which 34 cases（13.9%） fell off because of troublesome medication, often missed medication, and simply stopped taking the drug. Statistics on the overall reasons for shedding in 193 patients, the top three shedding reasons were: cured after symptom relief（59 cases, 30.6%）, troublesome medication, discontinuation after missed dose（44 cases, 22.8%）, slow onset or ineffectiveness（26 cases, 13.5%）. Conclusion:The overall compliance of sublingual immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis is poor, and the compliance of children is better than that of adults. Clinicians should focus on the reasons for patients to fall off at various times, strengthen patient education, enhance patient confidence in treatment, and improve the compliance of patients.

A real world study of anti-IgE monoclonal antibody in the treatment of allergic united airway disease / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of anti-IgE monoclonal antibody (omazumab) in the treatment of allergic united airway disease (UAD) in the real-wold. Methods: Retrospective cohort study summarizes the case data of patients with allergic united airway disease who were treated with anti IgE monoclonal antibody (omalizumab) for more than 16 weeks from March 1, 2018 to June 30, 2022 in the Peking University First Hospital.The allergic UAD is defined as allergic asthma combined with allergic rhinitis (AA+AR) or allergic asthma combined with chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps (AA+CRSwNP) or allergic asthma combined with allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps (AA+AR+CRSwNP). The control of asthma was evaluated by asthma control test (ACT), lung function test and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). The AR was assessed by total nasal symptom score (TNSS). The CRSwNP was evaluated by nasal visual analogue scale (n-VAS), sino-nasal outcome test-22 (SNOT-22), nasal polyps score (TPS) and Lund-Mackay sinus CT grading system. The global evaluation of omalizumab for the treatment of allergic UADwas performed by Global Evaluation of Treatment Effectiveness(GETE).The drug-related side effects were also recorded. Matched t test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to compare the score changes of IgE monoclonal antibody (omazumab) before and after treatment, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the influencing factors of IgE monoclonal antibody (omazumab) response. Results: A total of 117 patients with UAD were enrolled, ranging in age from 19 to 77 years; The median age of patients was 48.7 years; Among them, 60 were male, ranging from 19 to 77 years old, with a median age of 49.9 years; There were 57 females, ranging from 19 to 68 years old, with a median age of 47.2 years. There were 32 cases in AA+AR subgroup, 59 cases in AA+CRSwNP subgroup, and 26 cases in AA+AR+CRSwNP subgroup. The total serum IgE level was 190.5 (103.8,391.3) IU/ml. The treatment course of anti IgE monoclonal antibody was 24 (16, 32) weeks. Compared with pre-treatment, omalizumab increased ACT from 20.0 (19.5,22.0) to 24.0 (23.0,25.0) (Z=-8.537, P<0.001), increased pre-bronchodilator FEV1 from 90.2 (74.8,103.0)% predicted value to 95.4 (83.2,106.0)% predicted value (Z=-5.315,P<0.001), increased FEV1/FVC from 80.20 (66.83,88.38)% to 82.72 (71.26,92.25)% (Z=-4.483,P<0.001), decreased FeNO from(49.1±24.8) ppb to (32.8±24.4) ppb (t=5.235, P<0.001), decreased TNSS from (6.5±2.6)to (2.4±1.9) (t=14.171, P<0.001), decreased n-VAS from (6.8±1.2) to (3.4±2.0)(t=14.448, P<0.001), decreased SNOT-22 from (40.0±7.9) to (21.3±10.2)(t=15.360, P<0.001), decreased TPS from (4.1±0.8) to (2.4±1.0)(t=14.718, P<0.001) and decreased Lund-Mackay CT score from (6.0±1.3) to (3.1±1.6)(t=17.012, P<0.001). The global response rate to omalizumab was 67.5%(79/117). The response rate in AA+AR (90.6%,29/32) was significantly higher than that in AA+CRSwNP (61.0%,36/59) and AA+AR+CRSwNP (53.8%,14/26) subgroups (χ2=11.144,P=0.004). Only 4 patients (3.4%,4/117) had mild side effects. Conclusion: The real-world study showed favorable effectiveness and safety of anti-IgE monoclonal antibody for treatment of allergic UAD. To provide basis for preventing the progress and precise treatment of allergic UAD.

Tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica en época de pandemia. Documento de consenso de sociedades médicas de América Latina y el Caribe / Treatment of allergic rhinitis in pandemic times. Consensus statement from medical societies of Latin America and the Caribbean

La rinitis alérgica ha ido en aumento en los países latinoamericanos, dando lugar a una creciente población de pacientes que necesitan tratamiento médico para esta afección respiratoria. Su similitud con la COVID-19 en cuanto a síntomas y la posibilidad de concurrencia con esta, hacen que la rinitis alérgica sea de particular interés para los sistemas de salud. Los países de América Latina y el Caribe han sido particularmente vulnerables por múltiples desafíos, entre estos, las altas tasas de pobreza, el acceso limitado a la atención médica y las limitaciones en la prestación de servicios básicos de salud, así como la ausencia de guías de tratamiento para la rinitis alérgica en situación de pandemia. Con el objetivo de proporcionar orientación esencial para los equipos multidisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe con respecto a la evaluación y el tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica durante la pandemia de COVID-19, se revisó literatura científica publicada sobre tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica y COVID-19, y se consideró la opinión de profesionales líderes de sociedades científicas de la región. Se analizaron las diferentes medidas para evitar contagios, y las diferentes estrategias de tratamiento con énfasis en la terapia intranasal y el tratamiento con vacunas contra la alergia. Se formuló una declaración de posicionamiento con la intención de mantener la continuidad del servicio médico en el contexto de una pandemia y minimizar la propagación, infección y complicación asociada con el coronavirus tipo 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo en pacientes con seguimiento o comenzando tratamiento para la rinitis alérgica(AU)

Allergic rhinitis has been increasing in Latin American countries, leading to a growing population of patients who need medical treatment for this respiratory condition. Its similarity to COVID-19 in terms of symptoms and the possibility of concurrence with it, make allergic rhinitis of particular interest to health systems. The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean have been particularly vulnerable due to multiple challenges, including high poverty rates, limited access to medical care and limitations in the provision of basic health services, as well as the absence of guidelines of treatment for allergic rhinitis in a pandemic situation. With the aim of to provide essential management for multidisciplinary teams in Latin America and the Caribbean regarding the evaluation and treatment of allergic rhinitis during the COVID-19 pandemic, published scientific literature on the treatment of allergic rhinitis and COVID-19 was reviewed, and the opinion of leading professionals from scientific societies in the region was considered. The different measures to avoid infections and the different treatment strategies were analyzed, with an emphasis on intranasal therapy and treatment with allergy vaccines. A position statement was formulated with the intention of maintaining continuity of medical service in the context of a pandemic and minimizing the spread, infection and complication associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in patients undergoing or starting treatment for allergic rhinitis(AU)

Effects of NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis on olfaction dysfunction in allergic rhinitis / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To explore the relationship between NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis and olfactory dysfunction (OD) in allergic rhinitis (AR), and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of CY-09, a selective NLRP3 inhibitor for OD. Methods: An AR mouse model was established with ovalbumin, and the olfactory function of AR mice was detected by the buried food pellet test. Mice with OD were intraperitoneally injected with CY-09 or saline. The activation of microglia and astrocytes in olfactory bulb was detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression level of pyroptosis associated protein was detected by Western blot. The level of pyroptosis associated proinflammatory factor mRNA was determined by real-time PCR. SPSS 24.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: After the test, ovalbumin successfully established AR mice model, in which 52.5% (21/40) of them showed OD. The number of activated microglia and astroglia in olfactory bulb tissue in OD group were more than those in non-OD group (all P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 and gasdermin D (GSDMD) was significantly increased in the olfactory bulb of the OD group (all P<0.05). CY-09 could significantly reduce the level of NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β and IL-18 expression, and inhibite the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the olfactory bulb tissues (all P<0.05). Conclusion: NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis is closely related to the OD associated with AR. CY-09 could improve the olfactory function in AR mice, which may be related to blocking the NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis.

Rinosinusitis micótica alérgica con destrucción de base de cráneo / Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis with skull base destruction

La sinusitis micótica alérgica es una enfermedad inflamatoria de la mucosa rinosinusal producida por hongos que pueden aislarse de la cavidad de nasal de individuos sanos. Se produce indirectamente por los hongos que actúan como antígeno y desencadenan una reacción inmunológica mediada por IgE que origina pólipos y una secreción mucosa espesa con detritus e hifas denominada mucina. Su presentación clínica más frecuente es una sinusitis crónica unilateral o bilateral con pólipos. Con menos frecuencia, las sustancias originadas por la desgranulación de los eosinófilos producen remodelación o destrucción ósea y la sinusitis puede simular una neoplasia. Se describe el caso clínico de un paciente que padeció una sinusitis micótica alérgica con destrucción ósea masiva de la base del cráneo y que tuvo extensión intracraneal extradural e intraorbitaria de la enfermedad. Fue tratado con éxito mediante cirugía y corticoides. (AU)

Allergic fungal sinusitis is an inflammatory disease of the rhinosinusal mucosa caused by fungi that can be isolated from the nasal cavity of healthy individuals. The pathology is produced indirectly by the fungus that acts as an antigen and triggers an IgE-mediated allergic reaction that causes polyps and a thick mucous discharge with detritus and hyphae called mucin. Its most common clinical presentation is unilateral or bilateral chronic sinusitis with polyps. Less commonly, substances originated by the degranulation of eosinophils cause bone remodeling or destruction, and sinusitis can simulate a neoplasia. We describe the clinical case of a patient who suffered from allergic fungal sinusitis with massive bone destruction of the skull base and who had intracranial, extradural and intraorbital extension of the disease. He was successfully treated with surgery and corticosteroids.Key words: allergic fungal sinusitis, intracranial extension, endoscopic surgery, transorbital transpalpebral approach. (AU)

Effects and mechanism of Chinese medicine Jiawei Yupingfeng in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#Chinese medicine has the potential to modulate allergic rhinitis (AR). There have been studies investigating the treatment efficacy of Yupingfeng San, alone or in combination with other ingredients, in AR, though few have studied the potential mechanisms of these drugs. In the present study, we measured the effects of Jiawei Yupingfeng (JWYPF), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, on mice with ovalbumin-induced AR and explored its underlying mechanism of action.@*METHODS@#Forty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into normal control, allergy control and two treatment groups of ten mice each. In the normal control group, mice were sensitized and challenged with saline. The mice in the allergy control and treatment groups were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin and aluminum hydroxide gel. The treatments of JWYPF and Nasonex were administered intranasally in the AR mice for one week. Several signs of allergic inflammation, such as nasal eosinophils and inflammatory cytokines, were measured to determine the underlying mechanisms.@*RESULTS@#Mice in the JWYPF and Nasonex groups had significantly lower AR symptom scores than those in the allergy control group (the mean differences between JWYPF and the allergy control, and Nasonex and the allergy control were -2.00 ± 0.35 and -2.40 ± 0.32). After treatment with JWYPF and Nasonex, the levels of ovalbumin-specific IgE and histamine were significantly reduced, as were the levels of interlukin-4 and transforming growth factor-β, while interferon-γ levels were increased (all P < 0.0001, vs. allergy control). These two treatments also significantly inhibited eosinophil and mast cell infiltration into the nasal cavity but were not statistically different from one-another.@*CONCLUSION@#JWYPF has a potential therapeutic effect on AR via adjusting the rebalance of T helper 1 and T helper 2.

Adjuvant treatment of penetrating moxibustion at governor vessel for persistent allergic rhinitis of deficiency-cold syndrome / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the efficacy and action mechanism of penetrating moxibustion at governor vessel for persistent allergic rhinitis of deficiency-cold syndrome.@*METHODS@#Ninety patients with persistent allergic rhinitis of deficiency-cold syndrome were randomly divided into an observation group (@*RESULTS@#Compared before treatment, the TCM symptom scores, VAS scores, RQLQ scores, serum levels of IgE and complete blood count of EOS in the two groups were all reduced after treatment (@*CONCLUSION@#Based on the momethasone furoate nasal spray, the adjuvant treatment of penetrating moxibustion at governor vessel could significantly improve the clinical symptoms in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis of deficiency-cold syndrome, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of immune disorder.

Individualized treatment for allergic rhinitis based on key nasal clinical manifestations combined with histamine and leukotriene D4 levels / Tratamento individualizado para a rinite alérgica baseado nas principais manifestações clínicas nasais e dos níveis de histamina e leucotrieno D4

Abstract Introduction The types of allergic rhinitis are roughly classified based on the causative antigens, disease types, predilection time, and symptom severity. Objective To examine the clinical typing and individualized treatment approach for allergic rhinitis and to determine the optimal treatment method for this disease using various drug combination therapies. Methods A total of 108 participants with allergic rhinitis were divided into three groups based on symptoms. Subsequently, each group was further categorized into four subgroups based on the medications received. The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated using the visual analog scale VAS scores of the total and individual nasal symptoms, decline index of the symptom score, histamine and leukotriene levels, and mRNA and protein expression levels of histamine 1 and cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptors. Results Loratadine + mometasone furoate and loratadine + mometasone furoate + montelukast significantly improved the sneezing symptom and reduced the histamine levels compared with the other combination therapies (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, montelukast + mometasone furoate and montelukast + mometasone furoate + loratadine considerably improved the nasal obstruction symptom and decreased the leukotriene D4 levels compared with the other combination therapies (p < 0.05). Conclusion Clinical symptom evaluation combined with experimental detection of histamine and leukotriene levels can be an objective and accurate method to clinically classify the allergic rhinitis types. Furthermore, individualized treatment based on allergic rhinitis classification can result in a good treatment efficacy.

Resumo Introdução A rinite alérgica é basicamente classificada de acordo com os antígenos causadores, tipos de doença, peridiocidade e gravidade dos sintomas. Objetivo Avaliar os tipos clínicos e a abordagem terapêutica individualizada para cada tipo de rinite alérgica e determinar o método de tratamento ideal utilizando várias terapias de combinação de fármacos. Método Um total de 108 participantes com rinite alérgica foram divididos em três grupos com base nos sintomas. Posteriormente, cada grupo foi subsequentemente categorizado em quatro subgrupos com base nos medicamentos recebidos. A eficácia dos tratamentos foi avaliada utilizando os escores da escala visual analógica EVA dos sintomas nasais totais e individualmente, índice de declínio do escore de sintomas, níveis de histamina e leucotrienos e níveis de expressão de mRNA e proteína dos receptores de histamina 1 e cisteinil-leucotrieno 1. Resultados As associações entre loratadina + furoato de mometasona, assim como a de loratadina + furoato de mometasona + montelucaste melhoraram significativamente o sintoma de espirros e reduziram os níveis de histamina em comparação às outras terapias combinadas (p < 0,05). Por outro lado, a associação montelucaste + furoato de mometasona, assim como a associação montelucaste + furoato de mometasone + loratadina melhoraram consideravelmente o sintoma de obstrução nasal e diminuíram os níveis de leucotrieno D4 em comparação com as outras combinações (p < 0,05). Conclusão A avaliação clínica dos sintomas combinada com a detecção experimental dos níveis de histamina e leucotrieno pode ser um método objetivo e preciso para classificar clinicamente os tipos de rinite alérgica. Além disso, o tratamento individualizado baseado na classificação da rinite alérgica pode resultar no aumento da eficácia do tratamento.

Prescription Profile and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Treated with Oral Antihistamines or Nasal Corticosteroids

Abstract Introduction Oral antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids have been shown to be effective and safe for the treatment of allergic rhinitis; however, the evidence suggests a level of superiority of corticosteroids, so they should be preferred over the former. Objective To know the prescription profile of two second generation antihistamines (cetirizine and levocetirizine) and two nasal corticosteroids (mometasone and furoateciclesonide) in a cohort of patients with allergic rhinitis, and to compare the clinical outcomes obtained. Methods A cohort study was carried including patients with allergic rhinitis treated with cetirizine, levocetirizine, mometasone furoate or ciclesonide. The improvement was evaluated with the total nasal symptoms score (TNSS). This scale yields results between 0 and 12. Zero indicates absence of symptoms. Results A total of 314 patients completed 12 weeks of follow-up. Seventy-five percent were treated with antihistamines, 20% with corticosteroids, and 5% with a combination of the above. The TNSS median for corticosteroid was 2.5 points; for antihistamines, its was 5 points, and for combination, it was 4 points. We found differences between corticosteroids and antihistamines. Conclusion The prescription percentage of second generation oral antihistamines is higher than that of intranasal corticosteroids. However, patients with allergic rhinitis treated with the second option obtained better control of symptoms.

Sleep disorders in children with moderate to severe persistent allergic rhinitis / Distúrbios do sono em crianças com rinite alérgica persistente moderada-grave

Abstract Introduction Allergic rhinitis is associated with several complications, including sleep disorders. The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire has been recently translated and validated in Portuguese for the evaluation of sleep disorders in children. Objective To assess sleep disorders in children with moderate to severe persistent allergic rhinitis and to correlate the findings with disease severity markers. Methods We evaluated 167 children (4-10 years), 112 with allergic rhinitis and 55 controls. Parents/guardians of the children answered the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, consisting of 33 questions divided into eight subscales, which refers to the previous week. Patients with rhinitis were also evaluated regarding the score of nasal and extra-nasal symptoms related to the previous week and the peak nasal inspiratory flow. Results There were no significant differences between groups of different age. All patients with rhinitis were being treated with nasal topical corticosteroids. The total Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire score was significantly higher among children with rhinitis than in controls (median 48 vs. 43, p < 0.001). Significantly higher values were also observed for the parasomnia (9 vs. 8), respiratory disorders (4 vs. 3) and daytime sleepiness (14 vs. 12) subscales. Among the patients with rhinitis, no significant correlation was observed between the total Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire score and disease activity variables, but moderate correlations were observed for the respiratory distress subscale vs. nasal symptom score (r = 0.32) and vs. extra-nasal symptom score (r = 0.32). Conclusion Children with moderate to severe persistent allergic rhinitis, even when submitted to regular treatment, have a higher frequency of sleep disorders than controls, particularly concerning nocturnal breathing disorders, daytime sleepiness, and parasomnias. The intensity of sleep disorders found in some subscales was correlated with objective markers of allergic rhinitis severity.

Resumo Introdução A rinite alérgica está associada a diversas complicações, como, por exemplo, os distúrbios do sono. O Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire é um questionário para avaliação dos distúrbios do sono em crianças, recentemente traduzido e validado para o português. Objetivos Avaliar distúrbios do sono em crianças com rinite alérgica persistente moderada/grave e correlacionar os achados com marcadores de gravidade da doença. Método Foram avaliadas 167 crianças (4-10 anos), 112 com rinite alérgica e 55 controles. Todos os responsáveis pelas crianças responderam o questionário, composto por 33 questões dividas em oito subescalas e referentes à última semana. Os pacientes com rinite foram avaliados também pelo escore de sintomas nasais e extranasais referentes à última semana e pelo pico de fluxo inspiratório nasal. Resultados Não houve diferenças significantes entre os grupos com relação à idade. Todos os pacientes com rinite eram tratados com corticosteroide tópico nasal. O escore total do questionário foi significantemente maior entre os com rinite do que entre os controles (mediana 48 vs. 43; p < 0,001). Valores significantemente maiores também foram observados para as subescalas de parassonias (9 vs. 8), distúrbios respiratórios (4 vs. 3) e sonolência diurna (14 vs. 12). Entre os pacientes com rinite não foi observada correlação significante entre o escore total do questionário e as variáveis de atividade da doença, porém correlações moderadas foram observadas para a subescala de distúrbios respiratórios vs. escore de sintomas nasais (r = 0,32) e vs. escore de sintomas extranasais (r = 0,32). Conclusões Crianças com rinite alérgica persistente moderada-grave, mesmo em tratamento regular, apresentam maior frequência de distúrbios do sono do que controles, particularmente em relação aos distúrbios respiratórios noturnos, à sonolência diurna e às parassonias. A intensidade das alterações do sono encontradas em algumas subescalas se correlacionou com marcadores objetivos de gravidade da rinite alérgica.

Efecto de los corticoesteroides intranasales tópicos en los valores de eosinófilos en mucosa nasal en pacientes adultos con rinitis alérgica / Effect of topical intranasal corticosteroids on eosinophil values in nasal mucosa in adult patients with allergic rhinitis / Efeito dos corticosteróides intranasais tópicos nos valores de eosinófilos na mucosa nasal em pacientes adultos com rinite alérgica

INTRODUCCIÓN: La citología nasal es utilizada como método complementario diagnóstico de la rinitis y el hallazgo de eosinófilos; en la misma aumenta la sensibilidad para confirmar una alergia a casi el 80%. Los corticoesteroides intranasales tópicos se utilizan actualmente como primera línea de tratamiento de la rinitis porque reducen la inflamación de la mucosa que subyace a los signos y síntomas de la enfermedad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y analítico. Se incluyeron pacientes entre 16 a 65 años edad inclusive, que consultaron al Servicio de Otorrinolaringología y Alergia e Inmunología de la Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola entre agosto de 2016 y julio de 2017 con diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica. La información de las variables cuantitativas se sometió a una comprobación estadística realizada mediante el test de Wilcoxon apareado. Se consideró significativo un valor de p<0,05…

INTRODUCTION: Nasal cytology is used as a complementary diagnostic method of rhinitis and the finding of eosinophils in it increases the sensitivity to confirm an allergy to almost 80%. Topical intranasal corticosteroids are currently used as the first line of treatment for rhinitis because they reduce the inflammation of the mucosa that underlies the signs and symptoms of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, retrospective and analytical study. Patients between the ages of 16 and 65 years were included, who consulted the Otorhinolaryngology and Allergy and Immunology Department of the Reina Fabiola University Clinic between August 2016 and July 2017 with a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. The information of the quantitative variables was subjected to a statistical check carried out by means of the paired Wilcoxon test. A value of p...

Association between desloratadine and prednisolone in the treatment of children with acute symptoms of allergic rhinitis: a double-blind, randomized and controlled clinical trial / Associação entre desloratadina e prednisolona no tratamento de crianças com sintomas agudos de rinite alérgica: ensaio clínico duplo-cego, randomizado e controlado

Abstract Introduction: A combination of antihistamines and oral corticosteroids is often used to treat acute symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Objective: To evaluate safety and efficacy of desloratadine plus prednisolone in the treatment of acute symptoms of children (2-12 years) with allergic rhinitis, and to compare it to dexchlorpheniramine plus betamethasone. Methods: Children with moderate/severe persistent allergic rhinitis and symptomatic (nasal symptoms score [0-12] ≥ 6) were allocated in a double-blind, randomized fashion to receive dexchlorpheniramine plus betamethasone (n = 105; three daily doses) or desloratadine plus prednisolone (n = 105; single dose followed by two of placebo) for 7 days. At the beginning and end of the evaluation, the following were obtained: nasal symptoms score, extra nasal symptoms score, peak nasal inspiratory flow, blood biochemistry, and electrocardiogram. Ninety-six children of the dexchlorpheniramine plus betamethasone group and 98 of the desloratadine plus prednisolone group completed the protocol. Results: The two groups were similar regarding initial and final nasal symptoms scores, extra nasal symptoms scores and peak nasal inspiratory flow. A drop of 76.4% and 79.1% for nasal symptoms score, 86.0% and 79.2% for extra nasal symptoms score, as well as an increase of 25.2% and 24.3% for peak nasal inspiratory flow occurred for those treated with desloratadine plus prednisolone and dexchlorpheniramine plus betamethasone, respectively. There were no significant changes in blood chemistry. Sinus tachycardia was the most frequent electrocardiogram change, but with no clinical significance. Drowsiness was reported significantly more often among those of dexchlorpheniramine plus betamethasone group (17.14% × 8.57%, respectively). Conclusion: The desloratadine plus prednisolone combination was able to effectively control acute symptoms of rhinitis in children, improving symptoms and nasal function. Compared to the dexchlorpheniramine plus betamethasone combination, it showed similar clinical action, but with a lower incidence of adverse events and higher dosing convenience.

Resumo Introdução: A associação entre anti-histamínicos e corticosteroides orais é frequentemente empregada no tratamento de sintomas agudos de rinite alérgica. Objetivo: Avaliar a segurança e eficácia da associação desloratadina + prednisolona no tratamento de sintomas agudos de crianças (2-12 anos) com rinite alérgica e compará-las com as da associação dexclorfeniramina + betametasona. Método: Crianças com rinite alérgica persistente moderada/grave e sintomáticas (escore de sintomas nasais [0-12] ≥ 6) foram alocadas de modo duplo-cego e randômico para receber dexclorfeniramina + betametasona (n = 105; três doses diárias) ou desloratadina + prednisolona (n = 105; dose única seguida por duas de placebo) por 7 dias. No início e no fim da avaliação foram obtidos: escore de sintomas nasais, escore de sintomas extranasais, pico de fluxo inspiratório nasal, bioquímica sanguínea e eletrocardiograma. Do total, 96 crianças do grupo dexclorfeniramina + betametasona e 98 do grupo desloratadina + prednisolona concluíram o protocolo. Resultados: Os dois grupos foram iguais com relação ao escore de sintomas nasais, escore de sintomas nasais extranasais e pico de fluxo inspiratório nasal iniciais e finais. Observou-se queda de 76,4% e 79,1% nos escores para escore de sintomas nasais, de 86,0% e 79,2% para escore de sintomas extranasais, assim como incremento de 25,2% e de 24,3% para o pico de fluxo inspiratório nasal para os grupos desloratadina + prednisolona e dexclorfeniramina + betametasona, respectivamente. Não houve alterações significativas da bioquímica sanguínea. Taquicardia sinusal foi a alteração do eletrocardiograma mais encontrada, mas sem significância clínica. Sonolência foi significantemente mais referida entre os tratados com dexclorfeniramina + betametasona do que entre os desloratadina + prednisolona (8,57% × 17,14%, respectivamente). Conclusão: A associação desloratadina + prednisolona foi capaz de controlar efetivamente os sintomas agudos de rinite em crianças, melhorou sintomas e a função nasal. Na comparação com a associação dexclorfeniramina + betametasona, demonstrou ação clínica semelhante, mas com menor incidência de eventos adversos e maior comodidade posológica.

Medical adherence to intranasal corticosteroids in adult patients / Adesão clínica a corticosteroides intranasais em pacientes adultos

Abstract Introduction: The adherence to medical treatment in allergic rhinitis is poorly evaluated in clinical practice. Objectives: To evaluate adherence to intranasal corticosteroids in the treatment of allergic rhinitis patients. Methods: This prospective study was conducted on adult patients who were admitted to the outpatient clinic of the otolaryngology department tertiary hospital. Patients diagnosed with moderate to severe persistent AR and who had not used any nasal sprays were enrolled in the study. The patients were provided with mometasone furoate nasal sprays. On the 30th day, all participants filled out a questionnaire regarding the factors that may have influenced their adherence to the treatment. Afterwards, each patient filled out the Turkish-language-validated Morisky Medical Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) form. Each factor that may have affected adherence to the prescribed medication was evaluated according to the MMAS-8 score and all variables were analyzed statistically. Results: Fifty-nine adult patients with a mean age of 32.5 years (range 21-52 years) were included in the study. The mean overall MMAS-8 score was 3.64. Two factors were significantly related to low adherence: number of dependent children (p = 0.001) and benefit from the medication (p = 0.001). In addition, patients with higher education levels seemed to be more adherent than the rest of the group. Conclusion: Clinicians must keep in mind the factors related to non-adherence in order to achieve better treatment outcomes. Therefore, based on our results, patients must be informed that medications should be taken properly regardless of the benefit, and the treatment should be scheduled with respect to daily activities, particularly for patients caring for more than two children.

Resumo Introdução: A adesão ao tratamento clínico de rinite alérgica é mal avaliada na prática clínica. Objetivos: Avaliar a adesão aos corticosteroides intranasais no tratamento de pacientes com rinite alérgica. Método: Este estudo prospectivo foi realizado com pacientes adultos admitidos no ambulatório do setor de otorrinolaringologia de um hospital terciário. Os pacientes diagnosticados com rinite alérgica moderada a persistente grave que não haviam ainda usado spray nasal foram incluídos no estudo. Os pacientes receberam sprays nasais de furoato de mometasona. No 30° dia, todos preencheram um questionário sobre os fatores que podem ter influenciado a sua adesão ao tratamento. Depois disso, cada paciente preencheu o formulário da Escala de Adesão Clínica Morisky validado para a língua turca (MMAS-8). Cada fator que pode ter afetado a adesão à medicação prescrita foi avaliado de acordo com o escore de MMAS-8 e todas as variáveis foram analisadas estatisticamente. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 59 pacientes adultos com média de 32,5 anos (variação de 21-52). O escore total médio de MMAS-8 foi de 3,64. Dois fatores foram significantemente relacionados com a baixa adesão: número de dependentes infantis (p = 0,001) e benefício da medicação (p = 0,001). Além disso, os pacientes com níveis de ensino mais elevados pareceram ser mais adesistas do que o restante do grupo. Conclusão: Os médicos devem estar cientes dos fatores relacionados à falta de adesão, a fim de alcançar melhores resultados do tratamento. Portanto, com base em nossos resultados, os pacientes devem ser informados de que os medicamentos devem ser usados adequadamente independentemente do benefício, e o tratamento deve ser programado com relação às atividades diárias, especialmente para os pacientes que cuidam de mais de dois filhos.

Uso de probióticos en otorrinolaringología / Use of probiotics in otolaryngology

En los humanos las infecciones más frecuentes son las respiratorias, siendo la principal indicación de antibióticos en niños. El uso indiscriminado de antibióticos lleva a la aparición de gérmenes multirresistentes. Uno de los objetivos actuales en salud es la prevención de las enfermedades infecciosas para disminuir el uso de antibióticos. Una estrategia postulada recientemente para prevenir infecciones respiratorias es el uso de probióticos.

In humans, the most frequent infections are respiratory, being the main indication of antibiotics in children. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics leads to the emergence of multi-resistant germs. One of the current health objectives is the prevention of infectious diseases so we can reduce the use of antibiotics. A potential strategy for preventing respiratory infections is the use of probiotics.

Evidencia Orientada a Pacientes (EOP): ¿Qué hay sobre el uso de inmunoterapia subcutánea alérgeno específica en asma y rinitis alérgica? / What about the use of specific allergen subcutaneous immunotherapy in asthma and allergic rhinitis?

La inmunoterapia alérgeno específica (ITA) consiste en la administración de cantidades crecientes del alérgeno al cual el paciente es sensible con el propósito de modular la respuesta inmune a ese alérgeno, y se propone como una opción terapéutica en pacientes con rinitis alérgica. A partir de una viñeta clinica de un paciente con esta patología, el médico de familia que lo asiste se pregunta si la ITA podría disminuir la intensidad y duración de los síntomas y su eficacia perdurar a largo plazo. Después de realizar una búsqueda bibliografica, resumir y evaluar la bibliografía encontrada, se concluye que dicha terapia podría reducir la severidad de los síntomas, la frecuencia de uso de medicación de rescate, y sostener su eficacia clínica luego de la interrupción del tratamiento. Sin embargo, sus riesgos, sus costos, los inconvenientes en el regimen de aplicación y la dificultad para determinar cuando finalizar la inmunoterapia; sumados a la heterogeneidad de estudios incluidos en las revisiones sistemáticas que evalúan su eficacia, hacen imprescindible que el paciente y su médico discutan en forma conjunta las ventajas y desventajas de su utilización. (AU)

Allergen- specific immunotherapy involves the administration of increasing amounts of the allergen to which the patient is sensi-tive for the purpose of modulating the immune response to that allergen, and it is proposed as an optional treatment in patients with allergic rhinitis. From a clinical vignette with a patient with this condition, a family physician wonders if the specific allergen immunotherapy may diminish the intensity and duration of symptoms and whether its efficacy will be long lasting. After search-ing, summarizing and evaluating the retrieved literature it is concluded that such therapy could reduce the severity of symptoms and the utilized rescue medication. It also maintained its clinical efficacy after discontinuation of treatment. However, risks, costs, disadvantages of its implementation and the difficulty in determining when to finish immunotherapy; coupled with the heterogene-ity of studies included in the systematic reviews assessing its effectiveness makes it essential that the patient and doctor discuss jointly its use. (AU)

Eficacia y seguridad de omalizumab en el tratamiento de pacientes con asma alérgica persistente severa no controlada con el tratamiento estandar optimazado / Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in the treatment of patients with severe persistent allergic asthma uncontrolled with optimazed standard treatment

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El presente dictamen expone la evaluación de tecnología de la eficacia y seguridad de omalizumab en el tratamiento de pacientes con asma alérgica persistente severa no controlada con ek tratamiento estándar optimizado (refractaria). Aspectos Generales: El asma es una condición inflamatoria crónica de las vías aéreas caracterizada por producción de esputo, obstrucción del flujo aéreo y tos. Los sintomas varian en frecuencia y en gravedad, deste intermitente leve, hasta persistente severa. Existen dos forma de asma: alérgica y no alérgica. El asma alérgica es el resultado de una producción excesiva de inmunoglobulina E (IgE) en respuesta a alérgenos ambientales como los ácaros del polvo de la casa, el polen y los hongos. El asma no alérgica puede ser desencadeada por factores como la ansiedad, el estrés, el ejercício, el aire frio, el humo y la infección. Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: El Omalizumab, también conocido como rhuMAb-E25, rhu-Mab o Xolair, es un anticuerpo IgG1 monoclonal recombinante humanizado que se une a la Ig-E. Este anticuerpo anti-IgE forma complejos con los IgE libres, y de esta manera bloquea la interacción entre la IgE y las células inflamatorias. METODOLOGÍA: Estrategia de Búsqueda: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura con respecto a la eficacia y seguridad de omalizumab como agente adicional al tratamiento estándar optimizado de pacientes con asma alérgica persistente severa no controlada (o refractaria) a pesar del uso de altas dosis de CE!, beta 2 agonistas de acción prolongada y corticoesteroides orales.Esta búsqueda se realizó utilizando los meta-buscadores: Translating Research into Practice (TRIPDATABASE). national Library of Medicine (Pubmed-Medline) y Health System Evidence. Adicionalmente, se amplió la búsqueda revisando la evidencia generada por grupos internacionales que realizan revisiones sistemáticas (RS), evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) y guías de práctica clínica (GPC), tales como la Cochrane Group, The National Institute for Helath and Care Excellence (NICE), the Agency for Helath care Research and Quality (AHRQ), The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Helath (CADTH) y The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC). Esta búsqueda se completó ingresando a la página web www.clinicaltrials.gov, para así poder indentificar ensayos clínicos en elaboración o queno hayan sido publicados aún, y así disminuir el riesgo de sesgo de publicación. RESULTADOS: Sinopsis de la Evidencia: Se realizó la búsqueda bibliográfica y de evidencia científica para el sustento del uso de omalizumab como agente adicional al tratamiento estándar optimizado de pacientes con asma alérgica persistente severa no controlada (o refractaria) a pesar del uso de altas dosis de CEI, beta 2 agonistas de acción prolongada y CEO. Se presenta la evidencia disponible según el tipo de publicación en los criterios de inclusión. CONCLUSIONES: El asma alérgico es resultado de una producción excesiva de inmunoglobulina E (IgE) en respuesta a alérgenos ambientales como los ácaros del polvo de la casa, el polen y los hongos. Los pacientes con asma alérgica persistente severa no controlada tienen alto riesgo de padecer excerbaciones, hospitalizaciones y menor calidad de vida. Los pacientes que recibieron omalizumab experimentaron significativamente menos eventos adversos serios como la anafilaxia y los eventos trombólicos que aquellos que recibieron palcebo. Los eventos adversos más comunes en el grupo que uso omalizumab fueron las reacciones del sitio de la inyección. Respecto a la mortalidad, no se obervaron diferencias significativas entre el grupo de omalizumab s.c y placebo. Los pacientes de interés es esta evaluación son pacientes con el mayor grado de severidad de asma alérgica, que no consiguen el control de la enfermedad a pesar del tratamiento optimizado del último escalón del manejo del asma recomendado por las GPCs internacionales, que incluyen el uso de corticoides orales. Estos pacientes ya hicieron uso de todos los agentes disponibles recomendados, y necesitan de otros agentes para controlar la enfermedad. Omalizumab puede ser considerado como un medicamento adicional al tratamiento estándar óptimo para reducir la tasa de exacerbaciones, clinicamente significativas y severas del grupo más severo de pacientes con asma alértica, evitando así el uso de los recursos de salud y la reducción de la frecuencia de CEO. El benefício en la reuucción del uso de CEO se reflejaria en menor riesgo de exposición para desarrollar un enorme número de eventos adversos asociados. En este grupo se encuentran la fractura ósea, diabetes mellitus, ulcera péptica, infarto de miocardio, ictus cerebral, cataratas, glaucoma, disturbios del sueño y del ánimo, y ganancia de peso. El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias-IETSI, aprueba por el período de un año a partir de la fecha de publicación del presente dictamen preliminar el uso de omalizumab para el tratamiento de pacientes con asma alérgico mediado por IgE persistente severo. Asimismo, debido a que la evidencia del benefício de omalizumab en este tipo de pacientes no es robusta, se establece que el efecto del uso de este medicamento se evaluará con datos de los pacientes que hayan recibido el tratamiento por el tiempo autorizado, incluyendo evaluación económica para determinar su impacto. Esta información servirá para una reevaluació del medicamento, incluyendo una evaluación económica al terminar la vigencia de este dictamen.

Mometasone furoate in the treatment of mild, moderate, or severe persistent allergic rhinitis: a non-inferiority study (PUMA) / Furoato de mometasona no tratamento de rinite alérgica persistente leve, moderada ou grave: estudo de não inferioridade (PUMA)

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Allergic rhinitis is considered the most prevalent respiratory disease in Brazil and worldwide, with great impact on quality of life, affecting social life, sleep, and also performance at school and at work. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of two formulations containing mometasone furoate in the treatment of mild, moderate, or severe persistent allergic rhinitis after four weeks of treatment. METHODS: Phase III, randomized, non-inferiority, national, open study comparing mometasone furoate in two presentations (control drug and investigational drug). The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients with reduction of at least 0.55 in nasal index score (NIS) after four weeks of treatment. Secondary outcomes included total nasal index score score after four and 12 weeks of treatment; individual scores for symptoms of nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal pruritus; as well as score for pruritus, lacrimation, and ocular redness after four and 12 weeks of treatment. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov with the reference number NCT01372865. RESULTS: The efficacy primary analysis demonstrated non-inferiority of the investigational drug in relation to the control drug, since the upper limit of the confidence interval (CI) of 95% for the difference between the success rates after four weeks of treatment (12.6%) was below the non-inferiority margin provided during the determination of the sample size (13.7%). Adverse events were infrequent and with mild intensity in most cases. CONCLUSION: The efficacy and safety of investigational drug in the treatment of persistent allergic rhinitis were similar to the reference product, demonstrating its non-inferiority.

Resumo Introdução: A rinite alérgica é considerada a doença respiratória mais prevalente no Brasil e em todo o mundo, com grande impacto na qualidade de vida; além de, afetar a vida social, o sono e também o desempenho na escola e no trabalho. Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia e segurança de duas formulações contendo furoato de mometasona no tratamento da rinite alérgica persistente leve, moderada ou grave por um período de quatro semanas. Método: Trata-se de um estudo nacional aberto de fase III, randomizado, de não inferioridade de comparação do furoato de mometasona em duas apresentações (medicação de controle e fármaco sob investigação). O ponto final primário foi o percentual de pacientes com redução mínima de 0,55 no escore de índice nasal (EIN) após quatro semanas de tratamento. Os desfechos secundários foram: escore NIS total após 4 e 12 semanas de tratamento; escores individuais para sintomas de obstrução nasal, rinorréia, espirros e prurido nasal, bem como escores para prurido, lacrimejamento e hiperemia conjuntival após 4 e 12 semanas de tratamento. O estudo foi registrado em clinicaltrials.gov com o número de referência NCT01372865. Resultados: A análise de eficácia primária demonstrou não inferioridade do fármaco sob investigação em relação à medicação de controle, visto que o limite superior do intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% para a diferença entre os percentuais de sucesso após quatro semanas de tratamento (12,6%) situava-se abaixo da margem de não inferioridade proporcionada durante a determinação do tamanho da amostra (13,7%). Eventos adversos foram pouco frequentes e de leve intensidade na maioria dos casos. Conclusão: A eficácia e a segurança de um fármaco experimental no tratamento da rinite alérgica persistente foram similares às do produto de referência, o que demonstrou sua não inferioridade.

Efectividad y seguridad del corticosteroide en suspensión para inhalación nasal mometasona como tratamiento de rinitis alérgica para pacientes niños y adultos / Effectiveness and safety of corticosteroid suspension for nasal inhalation mometasone as a treatment of allergic rhinitis for children and adults

Introducción: la rinitis alérgica (RA) es un trastorno sintomático de la nariz inducido por la inflamación mediada por IgE de la mucosa nasal después de la exposición a un alérgeno. Los síntomas más comunes son la rinorrea, la obstrucción nasal, el prurito nasal y los estornudos. En Colombia la prevalencia se ha estimado entre 12 y 32 % para el asma y la rinitis alérgica, respectivamente, variabilidad que se ha relacionado con las diversas herramientas de medición utilizadas. Actualmente, los corticosteroide en suspensión para inhalación nasal son los fármacos más efectivos para el tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica y no alérgica. Objetivo: el objetivo de esta evaluación es determinar efectividad y seguridad del corticosteroide en suspensión para inhalación nasal mometasona en monoterapia, comparada con otros corticosteroide en suspensión para inhalación nasales tales como beclometasona, budesonida, biclesonida o fluticasona en el tratamiento de síntomas relacionado con rinitis alérgica. Metodología: se llevó a cabo una búsqueda sistemática y exhaustiva de literatura con el fin de identificar evidencia científica relevante en relación con la pregunta de investigación, en las siguientes fuentes: Se consultaron las siguientes fuentes: MEDLINE, incluyendo los repositorios In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations y Daily Update (plataforma Ovid); EMBASE (plataforma Ovid), y Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - CDSR (plataforma Wiley). En adición a la anterior, y de acuerdo a la evidencia encontrada, se llevó a cabo una segunda búsqueda sistemática para Ensayos Clínicos con Asignación Aleatoria, en los últimos 7 años.Resultados: se obtuvieron 1191 referencias, de las que, luego de tamización de título y resumen, se obtuvieron 5 para evaluar en texto completo, y de las cuáles todas excluyeron. Solamente se encontró una RSL que evaluaba mometasona vs CEN o Placebo (13) y aunque 3 de los estudios primarios tenían brazos adicionales a placebo en donde se comparaban mometasona con otros CEN, las medidas los resultados de los desenlaces reportados no permitían ser metaanalizadas. En esta revisión sistemática la búsqueda de la literatura fue realizada hasta 2007. Se realizó una nueva búsqueda de estudios primarios, limitada a los años 2007-2014, y para ECA. De esta segunda búsqueda se obtuvieron, luego de la tamización, 2 ECA. Estos dos artículos se combinaron con tres estudios que provenían de la RSL, en un metanálisis de novo comparando mometasona vs fluticasona. Conclusiones: en términos de efectividad, mometasona en comparación con fluticasona no resultó superior en efectividad en cuanto a mejoría en el puntaje total de síntomas nasales y calidad de vida. No hubo diferencia entre mometasona y fluticasona con respecto a la presencia de efectos adversos.(AU)